CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. LOSS OF ELASTICITY OF BLOOD VESSELS AND LUNGS
2. CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD
3. PULMONARY OEDEMA AND CCF
4. DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT AND ALTERATION IN CARDIAC RHYTHM
5. MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA & ECG CHANGES
6. HYPOVOLAEMIA & CCF
7. COMPENSATORY ANAEMIA
8. REDUCED HAEMATOCRIT
9. ANAESTHETIC DRUGS MAY CAUSE ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION DUE TO CARDIVASCULAR DEPRESSION.
PULMONARY SYSTEM
1. DECREASE IN TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
2. DECREASE IN FRC AND RV
3.INCREASED PHYSILOGIC DEAD SPACE
4. INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE
5. IMPAIRED ACID BASE BALANCE AND DELAYED RECOVERY
6. RISK OF ASPIRATION.
7. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE LEADING TO PROLONGED RESPIRATORY MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND PROLONGED VENTILLATION1
METABOLIC EVENTS
1. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
2. IMPAIRED ACID BASE BALANCE
3. IMPAIRED HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM LEADING TO CHANGES IN THE BODY TEMPERATURE (HYPOTHERMIA)
4. HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
5. SEPSIS AND CIRCULATORY SHOCK WITH CARDIAC ARREST
6. FAULTY WOUND HEALING
HAEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS.
1. COMPENSATORY ANAEMIA
2. DECREASED HAEMATOCRIT
3.THROMBOCYTOPENIA
4. DECREASED CLOTTING FACTORS LEADING TO DIC
KIDNEY AND LIVER
1. CARDIOPULMONARY EVENTS MAY LEAD TO HEPATORENAL FAILURE
2. AZOTEMIA
3. DECREASED TUBULAR FUNCTION
4. ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
5. DIABETES MELLITUS AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
6. ATROPHY OF LIVER CELLS AND IMPAIRED HEPATIC FUNCTIONS
7. JAUNDICE AND RAISED ENZYMES
8. DECREASED ALBUMEN LEADING TO ASCITES AND ANASARCA
GIT SYMPTOMS
1.DECREASED GASTRIC EMPTYING TIME
2. IMPAIRMENT OF ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS
3. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE LIKE, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM & POTASSIUM
4. IMPAIRED HEPATIC FUNCTION
5. HYPOALBUMENAEMIA
6. IMPAIRED COAGULATION PROFILE
7. IMPAIRED RESPONSE TO ANAESTHETIC DRUGS WITH DECREASED METABOLISM
8. DELAYED RECOVERY AND PROLONGED POSTOPERATIVE VENTILATION.
ORTHOPAEDIC SYMPTOMS
1. OSTEOPOROSIS AND FRACTURES DUE TO DECREASED VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM ABSORPTION.
2. FAT EMBOLISM AND CARDIAC ARREST
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. CEREBRAL ATROPHY AND PROLONGED ACTION OF ANAESTHETIC AGENTS WITH DELAYED RECOVERY.
2. CEREBRAL , SUB ARACHNOID OR PONTINE HAEMORRHAGE
3. CEREBRAL EMBOLISM OR TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACKS
4. PARAPLEGIA OR HEMIPLEGIA
6.CONING AND CARDIORESPIRATORY ARREST
7. CEREBRAL OEDEMA
8. COMA